During The 19th Century, There Were Social And Religious Evils In Indian Society Such As Caste System, Child Marriage, Sati Pratha, Untouchability, It Was Very Important To Remove Them From Society. In The 19th Century, India Was Moving In The Field Of Art, Knowledge, Science, Philosophical, Religious Etc.Along With This, New Thinking Was Also Being Born In India.
There were two kinds of reform movements in the 19th century in India
1. REFORMISM
The Reformism Group Wanted To Inculcate the Liberal Ideas And Education To Reform The Society. On The Other Hand
2. ANTI - REFORMISM
The ANTI – REFORMERS For Major Focus On The Golden Period Of India And Efforts To Bring Back The Past Glory.
The Colonial Rule Reflected That Many Of The Indian Social Practice And Institutions Had Become Obsolete And They Needed Reforms.
BRAHMO SAMAJ
Raja Ram Mohan Roy Was Born In 1772 In Radha Nagar A Small Village In Bengal. Young Man He Had Studied Sanskrit Literature And Hindu Philosophy In Varanasi And Persian, Arabic And Koran In Patna. He Was Well Known Of Several Languages Including English, Latin, Greek.To carry out social and religious reforms Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded a new religious society in 1828 which came to be known as brahmo samaj this was the first organisation of religious reforms it was based on rationalism and believed in the philosophy of Vedas. The Brahmo Samaj Discarded Meaningless Rites And Rituals.
It Opposed Sati Pratha And Got It Denounced. Raja Ram Mohan Rai Was The First Person Who Spread The National Consciousness In India And Advocated For Equality And Dignified Life Rammohan Rai Fought Relentlessly Against Social Evils Sati Pratha, Child Marriage, Female Infanticide And Caste Discrimination Organised A Movement Against The In Human Custom Of Sati And Held William Bentinck To Pass A Low Banning The Practice 1829. It Was A Successful Social Movement Against And Age-old Social Evil
Devendra Nath Tagore
The Father Of Rabindranath Tagore Was Responsible For Revitalizing The Brahmo Samaj Under Him The First Setup Was Taken To Convert The Brahmo Samaj Into A Separate Religious And Social Community In 1839 He Founded The Tatvabodhini Sabha To Propagate Ram Mohan Roy's Ideas.
THE PRATHANA SAMAJ
In 1867 the prathana samaj was started in Maharashtra to reform Hinduism and preach the worship of one God. Mahadev Govind Ranade and R.G. Bhandarkar were the two great leaders of the samaj the prathana samaj did in Maharashtra what did the brahmo samaj didn't Bengal.It Attacked The Caste System And The Predominance Of The Brahmins, Campaingning Against Child Marriage and Widow Marriage Female Education Etc. Ranade Started The Widow Remarriage Association And The Deccan Education Society. Ranade Was Also One Of The Founders Of The Indian National Congress.
Young Bengal Movement
This Movement Was Started By Henry Louis Vivian Derozio In Calcutta In The 1820 He Was An Anglo Indian College Teacher In Calcutta And He Encourage Radical Thinking Among His Students He Criticized The Prevailing Religious Practices Of The Orthodox Hinduism He Also Inspired Free Thinking And Propagated The Spirit Of Liberty Equality And Freedom.The Establishment Of Hindu College In 1870 Was A Major Event In The History Of Bengal.
It Played An Important Role In Carrying Forward The Reformist Movement Henry Was A Teacher Of Hindu College He Was Born In 1809 He Was Of Mixed Parentage His Father Was Purtgali And His Mother Was Indian. At The Age Of 17 He Joined The Hindu College As A Teacher And Taught There Till 1831. He Was Deeply Influenced By The Revolutionary Ideas Of Liberty Equality And Fraternity. He Was Removed From The Hindu College Because Of His Radicalism And Dead Soon After At The Age Of 22.
Satyashodhak samaj
This Society Was Founded By Jyotirao Govindrao Phule On 24 September 1873 In Maharashtra. It Compaigned Against Identity And The Caste System. Jyotirao Phule Is Said To Have Used The Term Dalit For The Oppressed Caste. People From All Caste Is And Religions Were Allowed To Join This Association Opposed To The Domination Of The Brahmins And Started The Practice Of Conducting Marriage Without Brahmin Priests.
Keshav Chandra Sen
keshav Chandra Sen Carried An Intensive Program Of Social Reformer He Propagated widow Marriages In 1872 The Government Passed The Native (Civil) Marriage Act Legalising Marriage Is Performed According To Brahmo Samaj Rites.
DADOBA PANDURANG He founded Paramhansa Sabha in 1840 was the first reform organisation of 19th century in Maharashtra. K SRIDHARALU NAIDU HE founded Veda samaj in Madras under the guidance of keshav Chandra Sen in 1864.
Anti-Reformist
These Movement Started Reviving Ancient Indian Traditions And Thoughts And Believed That The Western Thinking And Indian Culture And Ethos During The 1870 In Bengal And 1890 In Maharashtra. Anti Reformism Begin To Replace The Popularity Of Brahmo Samaj And Prarthana Samaj. The Leadership Of The Orthodox Section Of The Hindu Middle Class Led By Radhakanto Deb Of Sova Bazar Who Had Founded The Dharma Sabha In Opposition To Ram Mohan Roy's Brahmo Samaj In 1830 But This Moment Could Not Spread.
ARYA SAMAJ
Another Organisation In Northern India Which Aim To Strengthen Hinduism Through Reform Was The Arya Samaj. Arya Samaj Founded By Swami Dayanand Saraswati In 1875 In Bombay This Society Strove Against Idolatry Polytheism Rituals Priesthood Animal Sacrifice Child Marriage And The Caste System It Is Also Encourages The Western Scientific Knowledge.
Dayanand Saraswati Was Born In A Brahmin Family In Kathiawar. Gujarat In 1824. He opposed idol worship and said return to the Vedas He told that child marriage caste system, untouchability, atrocities on women, etc. have no place in Vedas
Theosophical Society
Though Annie Besant's Name Is Most Associated With This Society. But It Was Founded By Madam Blavatsky And Colonel Olcott New York In 1875. It Promote The Study Of Ancient Hindu Buddhist And Zoroastrian Philosophies. It Promote The Concept Of Universal Brotherhood As Expounded In The Upanishads And Vedas. In 1886 They Founded The Theosophical Society At Adyar Near Madras Annie Besant And Irish Women Who Came To India In 1893 Helped The Theosophical Movement To Gain Strength She Propagated Vedic Philosophy And Urged Indians To Take Pride In Their Culture.
Ramakrishna Mission
In 1892 On The Bank Of Hooghly River Swami Vivekanand Established The Ramakrishna Mission Bengal Being The Prime Karma Bhumi Of Ramakrishnan Belur Seemed The Best Place To Spread The Teaching Of His Guru. Ramakrishna Mission Focused On The Universality Of Spiritual Phenomenon's And Opposed The Ideas Which Fell Out Of The Vedantic Understanding Of The Religion And Society. They Saw God In Every Creature Of The Nature And Which Consequently Led Dam To Oppose The Practices Like Caste System .
Swami Vivekananda
Was Born In January 1863 In Calcutta His Birth Name Was Narendranath Dutta his Formal Education From Scottish Church College From The Beginning He Had Deep Interest In Philosophy Which Lead Into Extensive Study Of Western And Indian Philosophical Thought. An Early Age He Was Interested In The Mysterious Of Spiritual World After Meeting Swami Ramakrishnan He Got And Engrossed In Ramakrishnan Profound Understanding Of The Subject And Experiential Method. Vivekanand Focused On The Universality Of The Various Religions And Spiritual Parts And Focused On The Service Of Mankind For Him Equality And Love For Each Other Were The Most Important Virtues
Movements Among The Muslims
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